1. A very small but highly competent X-ray analytical device for XRF. Cost around €10k. Could do scanning if used with a XY transnational stage. Example shown for discovery of hidden character in papyrus. This led to a Synchrotron study. This is an excellent example of how local infrastructure is both excellent in its own right and feeder infrastructure for access to a synchrotron (training, indication of science content in the study to be taken further)

2. The lab scale equipment, many different modalities of X-ray based analysis : Imaging, diffraction, spectroscopy, many disciplines. Cost €1M

3. CLS equipment. Cost €12M

4. All the ARI considered, are excellent milestones on the Roadmap.good part of the Roadmap. They are complimentary. They have different price tags, they build the case towards the ultimate large scale infrastructure ... the AdLS. The logic towards the AfLS is built by all. They allow gradual incremental spend building up to the AdLS level spend. They provide for retention of African emerging researchers.

5. The budget must include operational costs, typically 10% of the commissioning costs per year. Otherwise, without this, running equipment (maintaining, developing) in Africa is a problem

6. START, Instruct-ERIC … important for training missions

7. Energy Requirements