BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//CERN//INDICO//EN BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Carbon Nanostructures beyond Graphene DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T101500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T103000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7321@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Gotthard Seifert ( Theoretische Chemie\, Technische Universität Dresden\, D-01062 Dresden\, Germany )\nCarbon based nanostru ctures have a long history\, dating back to the 30ies and 40ies of the 20t h century. They got a strong boost with the discovery of the fullerenes an d nanotubes\, and they were crowned by the research on graphene. The inves tigations on these nanostructures are of both fundamental and technologica l interest due to the interesting electronic and physical properties intri nsically associated with their low dimensionality and quantum confinement effects. With the successful synthesis of graphene nanoribbons and functio nalization of graphene layers some shortcoming of 2D graphene could be ove rcome\, opening extremely promising applications in the future nanoscale e lectronic devices. The intrinsic physical and chemical properties of such modified graphene based systems\, will be discussed in comparison with gra phene. Especially\, the electronic\, magnetic and mechanical properties of such structures in terms of their functionalization will be discussed on the basis of theoretical investigations.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/eve nt/206/contributions/7321/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7321/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Spatial resolution in positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T134500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T140000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7230@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Thomas Leadbeater (University of Cape Town)\nTime co incidence detection of annihilation photon pairs is used to determine the instantaneous position of point-like particles used as flow following trac ers in dynamic systems. Locations are calculated by a minimisation approac h applied to a small number of reconstructed pairs assuming a fixed signal to noise ratio. Consecutive locations define the particle trajectory\, an d hence the dynamic parameters of particle motion\, from which the global system behaviour is inferred. The measurement precision depends upon the p ositron range and annihilation physics\, the spatial resolution and geomet ry of the detector array\, and the amount of photon scattering and absorbi ng material within the field of view. Statistical processes further limit the precision\, with high activity tracers (100s MBq) and high event rates (MHz) preferred. However\, deadtime\, pulse pileup\, and the increased co ntribution of random coincidences reduce the signal to noise ratio in thes e conditions. \n\nAt PEPT Cape Town large arrays of position sensitive det ectors are used to track particles with diameters down to 50 um to within 1 mm in 3D. Typically particles moving at speeds up to 10 m/s can be relia bly tracked\, by measuring locations many thousands of times per second. I n an effort to observe flow phenomena on the micro-scale we have investiga ted the use of small scale pixelated semiconductor detectors with superior energy resolution. An analysis of the factors contributing to spatial res olution in PEPT measurements in both scenarios is presented.\n\nhttps://ev ents.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7230/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7230/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Development of a digital data acquisition system for neutron metro logy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T104500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T110000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7210@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Chloé Sole (University of Cape Town)\nFast neutron fields are found in a wide variety of contexts\, for example at accelerato r and medical radiation facilities\, around nuclear power plants\, in avia tion and space flight. The essence of neutron metrology is to quantify bot h the fluence and energy of these fields\, which is complicated by the lar ge range of energies\, intensities and directional characteristics in each unique scenario [1]. Neutron metrology and spectrometry communities are b eginning to adopt modern digital pulse processing systems to complement\, and eventually replace\, the existing analogue data acquisition systems [1 \,2]. Digital pulse processing electronics offer several distinct advantag es over the existing analogue systems\, with a need to rigorously benchmar k against the current metrology standards prior to deployment [3]. \n\nThe standard analogue data acquisition system at the AMANDE fast neutron metr ology facility [5] at the IRSN\, is compared to a new digital system compr ised of a CAEN DT5730 digitizer and the open source QtDAQ software [4]. Me asurements were made using a BC-501A scintillator detector for neutron fie lds with energies between 1.2 MeV and 20.0 MeV over the full range of avai lable beam currents at AMANDE. Uncertainty budgets were constructed and co mpared for the measurements of energy dependent neutron fluence. The resul ts of the comparison are presented along with recommendations for measurem ents with a fully digital acquisition system in contexts where metrologica l considerations are critical.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/con tributions/7210/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7210/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Characterising laser beams through tubulence using vector beams an d a simple quantum trick DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T093000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T094500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7237@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Isaac Nape (Structured Light Lab\, School of Physics \, University of Witwatersrand)\nStructure light beams that are tailored i n the polarisation and transverse spatial degrees of freedom are ubiquitou s to numerous applications and emerging technologies ranging from laser cu tting\, particle tracking\, to high dimensional classical and quantum secu re communication. Imperfections in optical elements or perturbations in a propagation medium can degrade the quality of spatial modes therefore lim iting the performance of structure light beams in practical applications. For vector beams\, where the spatial and polarisation components are coupl ed in a nonseparable way\, spatially dependent perturbations can also indi rectly distort the polarisation vector fields. Remarkably\, vector beams p ossess intriguing features such as the ability to behave like quantum enta ngled particles\, where the nonseparable correlations exist between the in ternal degrees of freedom (polarisation and spatial). Here we show that ve ctor beams can be used to characterise the nonseparability\, or equivalent ly entanglement\, between the spatial and polarisation components of modes within the same subspace. By exploiting the parallelism between nonsepara bility in vector beams and quantum entanglement\, we invoke a unique featu re inherent to entangled states\, namely channel state duality\, to map th e nonseparability of any spatial mode using a single vector beam. We demon strate this principle through turbulence and apply it to different mode se ts. This method advances the use of nonseparable states of light for the a nalysis of spatial mode decay through an optical medium.\n\nhttps://events .saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7237/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7237/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The characterization and functionality of the interface boards use d on the burn-in test station for the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter Low Voltage P ower Supplies phase II upgrade DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T133000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T134500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7206@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Thabo Lepota (University of the Witwatersrand)\nWith University of the Witwatersrand responsible for producing 50% of the Low Voltage Power Supplies (LVPS) bricks for powering on-detector electronics of the Handronic Tile Calorimeter (TileCal). The Burn-in testing station i s used to detect early failures in components of the LVPS bricks\, thereby increasing component reliability\, detect early failures in components. T he LVPS bricks that passes this test are then shipped to CERN\, for instal lation on the detector. Here we describe the significance and functionalit y of the brick interface board on the burn-in station\, and the process to programme PIC16f883 microcontroller\, which is used to send commands and act as a multiplexer to main board\, brick interface boards on the burn-in test station and enables the LabView software programme to interface with the hardware of the Burn-in to successfully carryout its functions.\n\nht tps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7206/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7206/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Injection dependent dark IR imaging of PV modules as an alternativ e to EL imaging for individual cell characterisation DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T094500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T100000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7231@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Ross Dix-Peek (Nelson Mandela University)\nThe deter mination of the dark electrical characteristics of each cell within a PV m odule enables the simulation of the complete PV modules electrical perform ance when in operation. It is\, therefore\, possible to estimate the power output of a PV module in operation. In a previous study\, a method was de veloped that used injection dependent Electroluminescence (EL) images to c haracterise individual cells within a module. However\, this method has sp ecific weaknesses. The first major weakness is that when the cells are not luminescing\, the cell voltages cannot be determined. The second weakness is that if the module has parallel string\, the assumption that all cell currents are equal\, is not valid. The method developed in the current wor k proposes that individual cell voltages can be determined using dark IR i maging only. When combined with the previous method\, the proposed method allows for the individual cell characterisation in modules with parallel s trings. This paper discusses the method employed and presents results for various modules\, including modules with parallel strings.\n\nhttps://eve nts.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7231/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7231/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Solar irradiance in Gauteng during the 2020 COVID-19 lock-down – can we detect decreased aerosol loading? DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T133000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T134500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7213@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Charles H. Fourie (Dept. Physics\, University of Joh annesburg)\nDuring the early high-level lockdown linked to the COVID-19 pa ndemic in 2020 much of the South African industrial and economic sectors g round to a halt. This provided an opportunity to identify the role human a ctivities have on the local contribution to aerosol emissions in Gauteng b y comparing the 2020 atmospheric turbidity during that time of the year wi th the levels observed in prior years. We examine Council for Scientific a nd Industrial Research solar spectral irradiance\, broadband irradiance an d weather data for the period in question together with corresponding data from an earlier year. We categorise days and months according to the meas ured degree of turbidity for the period April-July for 2018 and 2020 throu gh analysis of the relationship between the measured irradiance and the so lar zenith angle on cloud-free days. Spectral data also allows an insight into the aerosol type and particle size. We discuss whether the solar irra diance data provides evidence of lower aerosol concentrations due to the C OVID-19 lockdown.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/72 13/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7213/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:NUCLEAR-MEDICAL TECHNIQUES IN 4IR DIAMOND MINING DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T104500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T110000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7240@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Gideon Gideon Bentum (University of Johannesburg)\, Thendo Nemakhavhani (University of Johannesburg )\nKimberlite rock has be en activated with a high energy photon beam\, following which high energy resolution spectra have been acquired in time differential mode. This enab les a lifetime analysis of the isotopes that have been activated. An isoto pe identification is then performed using the dual information of characte ristic gamma rays and lifetimes. This enables an unambiguous assignment of the isotope identification. The results have been made quantitative by th e Monte Carlo modelling of the activation process to extract the product o f the effective radiation field and integrate this over the energy depende nce of the cross-section. The results are compared to the known compositio n of kimberlite as follows: The time differential activation code\, FISPAC T\, is used to perform a pathway analysis to establish the various activat ion pathways\, given the mixed radiation field and the ENDF / TENDL cross sections for the various nuclear reactions. The pathway analysis is then u sed to attribute the measured activity to specific parent isotope composit ion\, and hence to the elemental analysis of the kimberlite. The experimen tal work was performed using the Aarhus 100 MeV electron microtron. The re sults have two roles. In the first place\, they establish the radiological significance of the activation process of the MinPET method in sorting di amondiferous from barren kimberlite rock. In the second place\, this is an interesting analysis technique capable of nuclear analysis of light eleme nts (carbon and oxygen) and also differentiating various PET isotopes.\n\n https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7240/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7240/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Birefringence from digital phase-shifting measurements DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T101500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T103000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7236@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Keshaan Singh (University of the Witwatersrand)\nMea suring phase differences between orthogonal polarisations has become a com mon industry practice. In food and drug production the circular birefringe nce exhibited by chiral molecules has been used to identify and measure th e concentrations of enantiomers\, while linear birefringence has been used in stress and biological imaging. Conventional techniques regularly rely on stressing photo-elastic materials to produce birefringence in order to measure the same phenomenon. We demonstrate how holographic phase shifting induced by a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) can be used to acquire spa tially resolved arbitrary birefringence measurements. Linear and circular birefringence in both static and dynamic liquid crystal optics\, metasurfa ces as well as chiral sugar solutions were measured through maximum-likeli hood estimation fitting. The acquired images have resolutions dependent pu rely on the camera used and the entire measurement process involves no mov ing parts. The polarisation and wavelength independence of DMDs as well as high refresh rates and relative low cost makes the technique a promising digital candidate for applications in industry.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org .za/event/206/contributions/7236/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7236/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Structural and optical properties of shape-dependent gold nanopart icles DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T100000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T101500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7223@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Tlangelani Ngunyulu (Department of Physics\, Univers ity of Pretoria\, Private Bag X20\, Hatfield 0028\, South Africa)\nAbstrac t\nAt nanoscale\, the electrical\, optical\, and catalytic properties of m etal nanoparticles depend on shape and size. In this study\, gold nanopart icles (AuNPs) were synthesized using the seed-mediated growth method. Au n anospheres\, nanoprisms and nanorods with average sizes of 6 and 68 nm\, ( 70 nm length\, 40 nm width) and grain sizes of 14\, 20 and 130 nm\, respec tively\; obtained by SEM and TEM. The plasmon absorption bands of Au seeds \, nanospheres\, nanoprisms were observed to be 395\, 511\, 543 and 528-62 9 nm\, respectively\, using UV-Vis spectroscopy. As the AuNPs shape change d\, size increased and the wavelength increased\, hence a red-shift was ob served. From Raman spectrum\, strong and sharp Raman peaks for the three s hapes were observed. The XRD patterns confirmed AuNPs with the face-center ed cubic (fcc) of gold and crystalline. The crystallite sizes of Au nanoro ds and Au nanoprisms obtained from XRD studies were 14.65 and 11.44 nm\, r espectively. The lattice constants of Au nanorods and Au nano-prisms were 4.15 and 4.10 Å\, respectively. The structural and optical properties of shape dependent AuNPs were studied. The obtained nanoparticles\, Au nanop risms\, nanospheres and nanorods have good applications in organic solar c ells\, photothermal therapy\, sensing and imaging. Therefore\, the results indicate that the sizes and shapes of AuNPs can be controlled by using di fferent reducing agents.\nKeywords: Gold nanoparticles\; Plasmonic effect\ ; synthesis\; Au nanorods\; Au nanoprisms\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/ev ent/206/contributions/7223/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7223/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Density modified tracer particles for Positron Emission Particle T racking (PEPT) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T101500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T103000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7220@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Michael Mike (UCT)\nPEPT Cape Town has established t he development of Gallium-68 based tracer particle analogues for use in po sitron emission particle tracking studies of granular and multiphase syste ms. The accuracy of the measured data relies strongly on how representativ e the tracer particle analogue is to the media of interest in these dynami c systems. The ability to control and manipulate the tracer particle prope rties expands the range of applications and systems suitable for investiga tion with PEPT. The density of the material represented by the analogue is often a critical parameter of the system under study. Tracer production m ethods developed at PEPT Cape Town rely on multiple layers of coatings on tracers created by radiolabelling ion exchange resin beads. The layers inc lude the radioactive core\, a density-controlled region and may include an additional coating used to control the surface chemistry of the particle. The current available densities range between 1.00 and 2.85 g cm-3 with f inal particle diameters as small as 450 microns. We report on our methods for creating density-modified tracer particles and illustrate their appli cation in PEPT measurements from an industrial system designed to separate higher density minerals from lower density gangue.\n\nhttps://events.saip .org.za/event/206/contributions/7220/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7220/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Glancing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) analysis of induced n anocrystalline boron nitride (BN) on ion-implanted poly-crystalline hexago nal BN. DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T094500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T100000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7214@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Lehlohonolo Lisema (School of Physics\, University o f Witwatersrand\, Johannesburg 2050\, South Africa\, DSI-NRF Centre of Exc ellence in Strong Materials (DSI-NRF CoE-SM) and) iThemba LABS (Gauteng)\, Private Bag 11\, P.O. Wits\, Johannesburg 2050\, South Africa.)\nThis stu dy examined changes in the properties of poly-crystalline hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) samples implanted with light ions (He+\, Li+\, B+\, and Ne+ ) at 150 keV and at a fluence of 1x1015 ions/cm2. We have previously repor ted the production of cubic boron nitride nanoparticles in a subsurface la yer\, accompanied by a measurable hardening. The GIXRD findings show a new peak at 46.45° characteristic of c-BN (111) on the XRD spectra of implan ted samples. The as-grown h-BN lattice parameter\, as determined from XRD \, was 2.499 Å and the lattice parameters of samples implanted with He+\, Li+\, B+ and Ne+ ions were 2.581 Å\, 2.514 Å\, 2.508 Å and 2.509 Å\, respectively. There is a transition to lower angles and expansion in the p eak position\, this is due to the residual stress caused by ion implantati on since there is a difference in the lattice parameter ratios\, i.e.\, on e lattice parameter is shorter\, the other is longer (a and c lattice para meters\, respectively). This could mean a hexagonal stress-related phase c hange to cubic nanoparticles (nc-BN). The increase in hardness affects the attenuation of X-ray photons because the density of the material on the i mplanted surface is affected and the X-ray photons penetrate deep into the sample. The Scherrer equation was used to calculate the particle size of the induced nc-BN particles.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contr ibutions/7214/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7214/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Development of 18F Radiochemistry for Positron Emission Particle T racking (PEPT) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T103000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210730T104500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7212@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Ameerah Camroodien (University of Cape Town)\nPositr on Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) is a radioactive tracer technique use d to determine the trajectory of a positron emitting macroscopic particle used as a flow follower. The nearly collinear 511 keV gamma ray pairs resu lting from positron annihilation are detected in dedicated arrays. The tra cking efficiency and performance is dependent on the physical properties o f the tracer\, particularly the achievable positron activity. The primary application of PEPT is to study dynamic flow systems under varying conditi ons\; including a wide range of particle size distributions\, physical\, a nd chemical properties (e.g. densities\, shapes\, surface chemistry\, fric tion coefficients\, etc.)\, with applications across the science disciplin es.\n\nWe are developing tracer particles for PEPT applications based on t he radioisotope 18F. Radiochemical and physical methods are being explored to produce tracer particles representative of the system under study with respect to size\, density and shape. In radiochemical tracer particle pro duction\, we extract 18F from commercially available 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) and implement ion-exchange techniques to label small phase-repres entative resin particles (diameter < 1mm). For physical activation we util ise the novel reaction 16O(alpha\,pn)18F using 100 MeV alpha particles pro duced by the iThemba LABS separated sector cyclotron (SSC) to produce 18F in-situ for larger particles (>5mm diameter).\n\nThis work will develop iT hemba LABS specific tracer particle production mechanisms using 18F for th e first time. The effects of tracer particle properties in PEPT applicatio ns\, including optimisation of the PEPT technique and enhanced tracer prod uction mechanisms\, will be discussed.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event /206/contributions/7212/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7212/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Density functional theory study of Ni doped NaMnO2 cathode materia l DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T130000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T131500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7242@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Tshifhiwa Steven Ranwaha (University of Venda)\nRech argeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted great attention for la rge-scale electric energy storage applications and smart grid owing to the abundance of Na resources and comparable performance with lithium-ion bat teries. The use of organic electrode materials enables a sodium storage sy stem with high energy/power density\, metal-free\, environmental friendlin ess\, flexibility\, lightweight\, and cost-effectiveness\, in this study D ensity functional theory (DFT) has been used to study the electronic (band structure & TDOS)\, Elastic properties and intercalation voltage of NaMn O2 doped with Ni.The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) was used in the scheme of Perdew-Burke Ernzerhof to describe the exchange -correlation function as implemented in the CASTEP package in material studio of BIOVI A. Our findings show that NaMnO2 possess high voltage window and a good re versible capacity. The elastic properties shows that NaMnO2 doped with Ni is stable\, while the electronic properties shows that metallicity of NaMn O⁠2 gradually increases during Na extraction\n\nhttps://events.saip.org. za/event/206/contributions/7242/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7242/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Enhancing PEPT: high fidelity analysis with augmented detection DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T141500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T143000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7226@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Robert van der Merwe (University of Cape Town)\nThe Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) technique enables the tracking of a moving\nradioactive tracer particle at high spatial and temporal reso lution\, from which its trajectory can\nbe accurately reconstructed. The u ncertainty budget is complex and poorly understood\,\nparticularly for der ived quantities such as momenta\, energies\, and forces\, which are typica lly\ncalculated using numerical differentiation techniques.\n\nWe report a filtering and data processing method based on a local polynomial least sq uares\nfitting approach known as the Savitzky-Golay filter. The method is adapted to incorporate the\npropagation of measurement uncertainties\, mai ntaining them within useful bounds. The\nmethod is benchmarked against sev eral systems of known particle motion\, including constant\nvelocity and c onstant acceleration\, to place confidence limits on the results. Across a ll tested\nregimes the Savitzky-Golay filter resolves higher precision tha n existing methods\, providing\nnotable improvements to the uncertainty bu dget in PEPT analysis. We demonstrate tracking of\na particle moving up to 3 m/s with location precision within its diameter\, and a 60% and 40% \na verage reduction in uncertainty bounds for velocity and acceleration respe ctively.\n\nThese results have motivated development of a high-resolution detector array for PEPT\,\nenabling measurements on the micro-scale by mak ing immediate use of the improvements in\nprecision. Successful implementa tion will allow the meaningful application of PEPT to identified\nproblems in diagnostic medicine and in the study of micro-fluidic devices.\n\nhttp s://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7226/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7226/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:A new instrumental activation analysis facility at UCT DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T140000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T141500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7225@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Sizwe Mhlongo (University of Cape Town)\nInstrumenta l neutron activation analysis (INAA) is a non-destructive technique used f or qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis in a range of contexts\ , including the food\, coal and minerals processing industries\, and the d etection of contraband. Broadly\, INAA requires the irradiation of a sampl e in a neutron field\, and the neutron interactions within the sample to p roduce radioactive isotopes with characteristic gamma ray emissions. These characteristic gamma ray emissions are then detected using a gamma ray sp ectrometer and further analysed to determine elemental composition.\n\nIn 2017\, the UCT Department of Physics commissioned the n-lab\, a fast neutr on laboratory centred around a Thermo MP-320 deuterium-tritium sealed tube neutron generator (STNG) and a 220 GBq Americium-Beryllium (Am-Be) radioi sotopic source. The aims of this project are to characterise the n-lab as an INAA facility\, and to develop standardised analysis protocols for the elemental analysis of bulk materials. Fundamental to INAA is knowledge of the number and energy distribution of neutrons incident upon the sample of interest. The process of determining the neutron flux by the activation o f foils is presented\, in addition to the recent results from the activati on of copper and aluminium samples by the STNG. The next stages of this pr oject are discussed with respect to measurement and radiation transport si mulations\, with a particular focus on the use of pulsed 14.1 MeV neutron beams produced by the STNG.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contri butions/7225/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7225/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Programming the load readout board micro-controllers used in the d evelopment of a Burn-In test bench for the ATLAS TileCal Phase-II Upgrade DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T131500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T133000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7205@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Nkosiphendule Njara (School of Physics University of the Witswatersrand)\nThe University of the Witwatersrand will be producin g over 1200 Low Voltage Power Supplies (LVPS) to power the on-detector ele ctronics of the Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) ATLAS detector in preparation f or the Phase II upgrade. Two burn-in type test stations are currently bein g developed in the high-throughput electronics laboratory. The Load readou t board is used to read and control/adjust parameters of four channels ele ctronic dummy load board\, and several parameters. In this talk\, we discu ss how different commands for each PIC micro-controller are written and us ed to shift bits into the register of the Digital to Analog converter (DAC ) contained on the dummy load to control the load current. A hexadecimal s ource file is thus generated and typically used by programmable logic devi ces which provides general information of the configured functions.\n\nhtt ps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7205/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7205/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Computational study of electronic and optical properties of graphe ne/brookite (210) composite DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T104500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T110000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7233@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Lutendo Phuthu (University of Venda)\nRecently\, car bonaceous nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional graph ene have attracted the attention of the scientific community in probe to i mprove energy conversion and storage technologies. The graphene sheet is m ore preferred due to its large specific area\, flexible structure\, high t ransparency\, excellent mobility of charge carriers and is expected to be able to slow the charge recombination. Graphene/Transition metal oxides n anocomposite study has become much of a wide interest recently with metal oxides like TiO2 and ZnO. These metal oxides are used as thin films in pho tovoltaic technology to harness energy. The final composite embodies both the transport properties of the former and the semiconducting properties o f the latter species. This work describes an analysis of the electronic an d optical properties of graphene/TiO2 studied using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) in application to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).\n\nhtt ps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7233/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7233/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Performance analysis of thin-film Photovoltaic (PV) technologies i n an embedded generation network DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T100000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T101500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7232@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Roelof Roodt (Nelson Mandela University)\nThin-film photovoltaic (PV) technology has been around for quite some time with vary ing performance for the different technologies. A major shortcoming of thi n-film PV modules compared to crystalline PV technology is their shorter g uaranteed operational lifespan as they degrade faster. In this study\, the performance of thin-film technology operating in an outdoor environment i s monitored and analysed. \nAn embedded generation network has been establ ished by the PV Research group at Nelson Mandela University. The network is currently based at the PV Outdoor Research Facility (ORF) on the Nelson Mandela University\, South Campus in Port Elizabeth. This embedded genera tion network contains three kW-scale grid-connected PV arrays comprising o f various thin-film technologies. These technologies are Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)\, Copper Indium diselenide (CIS) and amorphous Silicon (a-Si). Cus tom designed and built data loggers were used to acquire AC and DC data fo r the various PV systems\, as well as relevant meteorological data. a LabV IEW program was developed and used to process the respective datasets and for analysis. This paper presents and discusses the performance data of th ese three arrays over an extended period of time. A thorough comparison of the energy production is given\, together with preliminary performance lo ss and degradation. From the data acquired\, it is observed that the CIS a nd CdTe systems have higher performance ratios of the order of 85 %\, whil e the performance ratio of the a-Si system consistently below 80 %. \n \n Key words: PV systems\, Thin-film technology\, embedded generation\, perf ormance monitoring\, PV modules\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/co ntributions/7232/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7232/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:In situ test results for a cavity solar receiver DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T093000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T094500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7227@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: phil ferrer (wits)\nA novel cavity type solar receiv er for solar trough thermal plants was developed. Previously\, the theory for such a receiver was developed\, and a simulation written based on it. Some results from the simulation were compared to an indoors experiment to encouraging agreement. In this talk\, I present a version that was develo ped for a ~20kW solar plant and is tested in the open using an in-house de signed solar setup. Engineering and economic aspects of the solar plant wi ll be discussed as well as some results related to the thermal properties. \n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7227/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7227/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Effect of methoxy functionalized group on the photocatalytic prope rties of diphenylaniline organic Chromophores DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T103000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210729T104500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7222@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: ife Fortunate Elegbeleye (Physics department\, Unive rsity of Venda)\nDiphenylaniline dyes are important sets of organic dyes t hat has stirred many research interest as photosensitizers in TiO2 semicon ductor based dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The advantages of organic dyes over metal based complexes are higher extinction coefficient\, low c ost\, good environmental compatibility and electrochemical properties. The diphenylaniline organic dyes with basic configuration of donor-π-accepto r are relatively cheap\, easy to synthesize and possess chemical structure s that can easily be altered to optimize their photocatalytic properties. The enormous interest in dipheylaniline dyes as photosensitizers is due to their fascinating spectral properties which include visible light to near infra-red light absorption. In this work\, density functional theory appr oach via GPAW\, Avogadro and ASE were employed to study the effect of the methoxy functionalized group on the spectral properties of diphenylaniline dyes to improve their photocatalytic properties to harness more near infr ared photons. Our results shows that the two dyes with pure phenyl groups D5 and D7 shows maximum absorption peaks at 750 nm and 850 nm\, while D9 a nd D11 with methoxy group shows maximum absorption peak at 800 nm and 900 nm respectively. The highest absorption wavelength is notable for D9 and D11 containing methoxy groups. Also D9 and D11 dyes with the methoxy group shows lower energy gap of 0.98 and 0.85 respectively than the correspondi ng D5 and D7 dyes with energy gap of 1.32 and 1.08. The analysis of their electron injection kinetics ∆Ginject into the band gap of TiO2 shows th at D9 and D11 with the methoxy group has higher electron injection kinetic s of -2.070 and -2.030 than the corresponding pure phenyl dyes with ∆Gi nject values of -2.820 and -2.130 respectively. Our findings suggest that the photocatalytic properties of organic chromophores with donor-π-accep tor configuration can be enhanced by the addition of functionalized groups .\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7222/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7222/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:An experimental study of a combined solar cooking and thermal ener gy storage system for domestic applications DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T141500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T143000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7243@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Katlego Lentswe (NWU)\nIn this paper\, a combined so lar cooker with a sunflower oil storage tank is presented. The solar cooke r consists of a 1.8 m parabolic dish that has an oil circulating copper sp iral coil receiver embedded to a metallic cooking plate. The receiver is c onnected to a 50 L sunflower oil storage tank for the dual purpose of heat storage and cooking. A DC pump is used to circulate the oil during chargi ng and discharging. The receiver has a circular metallic plate for cooking \, while the copper coil is embedded below the plate to circulate sunflowe r oil that is heated up and stored during the cooking (charging) experimen ts. During charging\, 1.5 L of water is boiled in a cooking pot with stora ge tank temperatures above 100 oC being achieved. During discharging\, the pump is reversed and 1.5 L of water is heated up with the stored heat\, h owever\, heat transfer is poor with the water temperature only achieving t emperatures just above 50 oC. Preliminary experiments are presented\, and the charging process is seen to be more efficient than the discharging pro cess with the charging pump reversed. The system can be used to cook food as well as provide heat for indirect cooking using insulated bag slow cook ers. However\, cooking food directly on the cooking plate using the revers e discharging progress is not efficient\, and heat transfer should be enha nced to make the process more efficient and viable.\nKeywords\; Combined s olar cooking and storage\; Sunflower oil\; Receiver\; Thermal performance\ n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7243/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7243/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Optimization of processing parameters of dip coated CuO films for photoelectrochemical water-splitting DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T140000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T141500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7224@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Mano Mosalakgotla ()\nAbstract.\n\nIn this work\, th in films of dip coated CuO nanoparticles were prepared on fluorine-doped t in oxide (FTO) substrates and the film’s processing parameters which inc ludes the withdrawal rate\, film thickness and annealing temperature were optimized for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. CuO films were p repared at withdrawal speeds ranging from 50-200 mm/min\, with thicknesses of 158-627 nm and annealed at 400-650 °C for 1 hr. X-ray diffraction (XR D) and Raman spectroscopy studies confirmed the preparation of crystallize d CuO films of high purity. The estimated crystal sizes for the films inc reases with withdrawal rate and annealing temperature\, producing the high est value for films withdrawn and annealed at 150 mm/min and 600°C respec tively. The CuO films indicated strong optical absorptions in the visibl e region and their absorbance increases with increasing film thickness. Th e band gaps of all samples ranged from 1.69 to 2.08 eV. Linear Sweep Volta mmetry (LSV) measurements yielded the highest photocurrent densities of 2\ , 2.6 and 2.9 mA/cm2 at 0.37 V vs RHE for films prepared at withdrawal spe ed of 150 mm/min\, deposited with 7 layers and annealed at 600°C. The hi gh photocurrent obtained for the films was due to the optimized film thick ness\, enhanced crystallization and the decrease in charge transfer resist ance at solid/liquid interface achieved for the films. The least photocurr ent was observed for films annealed at 400°C due to poor crystallization and high charge transfer resistance obtained. This study emphasized the i mportance of optimizing processing parameters such as withdrawal speed\, film thickness and annealing temperature in the preparation of CuO films f or photocatalytic applications. \n\n\nKeywords: CuO photocathodes\, PEC wa ter-splitting\, withdrawal speed\, film thickness\, annealing temperature. \n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7224/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7224/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:A REVIEW ON MODELLING OF SOLAR FOOD DRYERS WITH THERMAL ENERGY ST ORAGE DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T134500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T140000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7218@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Masodi Ramokali (Student )\nFood drying is an energy -intensive operation that results in the removal or reduction of the moist ure content of different foods for storage\, quality retention\, and enhan cement purposes. In developing countries\, open solar drying is one of the major methods adopted for the preservation of agricultural products due t o the availability of solar energy at little or no cost\, especially in Af rica. Open sun drying is not as effective as solar drying using a solar co llector in terms of the quality of the product\, and the reduced drying pe riod\, thus different types of solar dryers have been developed in recent years. The absence of solar energy at night and cloudy periods has led to the development of thermal energy storage (TES) for solar dryers. This st ored solar thermal energy can be utilized for drying at night and cloudy p eriods. The aim of this article is to review various thermal energy storag e systems used in solar dryers with a particular emphasis on numerical mod els aimed at enhancing the efficiency and cost of TES. Different types of models and numerical results of TES systems for solar dryers will be pres ented. These models include finite difference\, computational fluid dynami cs (CFD)\, and artificial neural network (ANN) models.\n\nKeywords: Modell ing\, Thermal Energy Storage (TES)\, Solar Food Dryer\n\nhttps://events.sa ip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7218/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7218/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Non Specialist Presentation: Bridging scales in materials simulati ons - Quantum versus classical simulations DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T130000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T133000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7245@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Gotthard Seifert (TU Dresden)\nhttps://events.saip.o rg.za/event/206/contributions/7245/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7245/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Kinetics study of thiosulphate gold dissolution from primary leach ing precipitates of refractory gold ores DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T103000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T104500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7239@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Danielle Owiredu (University of Johannesburg)\nThe g old industry in South Africa\, mainly based on the metal extraction throug h cyanide leaching and the use of microorganisms\, has been among the top 10% country's main source of income. This results in a strong economy\, em ergence of new towns and new financial structures. The use of cyanide as a lixiviant raises serious environmental concerns as it negatively impacts on the biodiversity\, humans\, soil\, water\, air and surrounding flora. A dditionally\, gold extraction operational costs continue to grow because o f the ore falling grades\, increased mining depth in the reserves\, and a drop in the gold price on the market\, resulting in a gradual drop in gold production. As a result\, enhanced productivity is crucial to the gold in dustry's sustainability in South Africa. In the search of alternative solu tions\, thiosulphate (copper ammonia system) is studied as a potential sub stitute to cyanide for the recovery of gold from its minerals. The paper d iscusses the kinetics of gold dissolution in a thiosulphate aqueous soluti on as lixiviant concentration is varied from 0.5 M to 3M and the contact t ime in the leaching vessel is maintained in the range between 30 minutes a nd 6 hours. The shrinking core model as well as the solution diffusion mod el exploiting the double layer concept elucidate the outcomes of the work justifying the kinetics models observed.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/eve nt/206/contributions/7239/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7239/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Plasma Diagnostics of Miniaturised DC Glow Discharge Thruster Conc ept DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T100000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T101500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7228@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Maheen Parbhoo (University of the Witwatersrand)\, P hilippe Ferrer (University of Witwatersrand)\nThe DC discharge microthrust er concept is a simple\, energy efficient plasma micropropulsion system th at operates using an ionisation-acceleration coupling mechanism. This syst em was developed in the hopes of addressing some of the shortcomings of ma ny state-of-the art electric micropropulsion systems. Preliminary studies have been conducted on the thruster from which the stable operating parame ters were deduced. Plasma plume diagnostic measurements\, including the io n current density and ion energy distribution and the influence of changes in the operating parameters (applied voltage\, discharge current etc.) on these measured quantities will be presented. The estimated thrust-to pow er-ratio of the system and its overall feasibility as a micropropulsion me chanism will also be discussed.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/co ntributions/7228/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7228/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The Physics of Vacuum Arc Propulsion Systems DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T094500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T100000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7211@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Paul Stansell ()\nThe Vacuum Arc Thruster (VAT) is a n unconventional plasma propulsion system with unique advantages for small satellite applications. The relevant literature and figures of merit were presented. An inductive energy storage pulsed power circuit was built whi ch delivered triangular submillisecond current pulses to a coaxial VAT. Th e dense copper plasma\, the expansion of the macroparticle plume\, high ve locity luminous micro-droplets and cathode ablation were documented among other plasma phenomena. A pulse forming network was built to deliver squar e pulses with higher current to the VAT. Thruster performance differences between the two circuits are discussed. The fractal and explosive ecton mo dels of the arc are considered. The retrograde motion of the cathode spots is discussed with special attention given to the balance of plasma and ma gnetic pressure. Finally\, ion current density measurements are presented. \n\nhttps://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7211/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7211/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Heat Transfer Improvement of a Thermal Interface Material for Heat Sink Applications Using Carbon Nanomaterials DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T093000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20210727T094500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T044150Z UID:indico-contribution-419-7209@events.saip.org.za DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Othmane Mouane ()\, Edward Nkadimeng (University of the Witwatersrand)\nA functional material of carbon nano-composite is inve stigated to be utilised as a Thermal Interface Material (TIM) in the Low V oltage Power Supply (LVPS) bricks as part of the upgrade of the large Har dron Collider (LHC) accelerator at CERN. The TIM is a composite in a pasty form\, based on carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and Silicone heat transfer co mpound. The goal behind the implementation of the carbon nano-material in the TIM was to increase the thermal transfer from the electronics to the h eat sink by the intermediary of the aluminium oxide (Al2O3) posts. The tem perature of the thermal posts was aquisite by the means of an automated te st stand built in house and monitored hourly with a Labview interface. The composite of CNMs and silicone compound were dissolved in acetone\, then annealed at high temperatures in atmospheric air in order to achieve a hom ogeneous mixture. The CNMs investigated in this research work are Carbon N anotubes (CNTs) and Carbon Nanospheres (CNSs) which were synthesised by Ch emical Vapor Deposition. Also\, the study included the investigation of th e weighting of the CNMs in the nano-composite.\n\nhttps://events.saip.org. za/event/206/contributions/7209/ LOCATION:North-West University Potchefstroom Campus URL:https://events.saip.org.za/event/206/contributions/7209/ END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR